Lower limb muscle activation in patients with knee OA.

Co-activation differences in lower limb muscles between asymptomatic controls and those with varying degrees of knee osteoarthritis during walking.
Hubley-Kozey, C., Hill, N., Rutherford, D., Dunbar M., Stanish, W. Clinical Biomechanics, 2009; 24, 407 – 414.

63 asymptomatic, 59 moderate and 48 severe OA subjects were recruited for the study purposes. All subjects completed standardized protocols for motion capture and electromyographical analysis of six lower extremity muscles (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, the lateral and medial hamstrings, and the lateral and medial gastrocnemius). 
Severe OA had higher amplitudes for the two vasti muscles and the two hamstrings for most of stance phase compared to both the moderate OA and the asymptomatic groups. The moderate OA group had elevated activity for the vastus lateralis and lateral hamstring only compared to the asymptomatic group. While walking velocity has been shown to affect EMG amplitude the expected finding would be a decrease in activation with a decrease in walking velocity based on previous studies. This was not the case since the severe OA group walked slower than the other two groups and had higher EMG amplitudes for quadriceps and hamstrings muscles. Authors stated that these results have important clinical implications. According to them, valgus unloader braces and lateral heel wedges aimed at the medial–lateral joint loading imbalance may be more effective in the moderate OA that display high lateral co-activation and normal medial co-activation. In contrast bracing aimed to improve overall joint stability may be more effective for those with more severe knee OA who have a general increase in co-activity.
This study seems to confirm generally accepted notion among clinicians, that increased muscle activation is aimed at reducing load and excessive motion within joints affected by OA, and therefore preventing those patients from pain symptoms. 
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